Winter 2004 ANT 105 FINAL
You must
bubble in your name and seven-digit
100
Questions (2 points each, 200 points total).
Select the ONE best answer for each question. Record your answer in the appropriate bubble
on the Scantron form with a #2 pencil and erase any corrections thoroughly.
1. The Great Chain of Being
a. refers to
b. was first proposed by Linneaus.
c. refers to the mathematical hypothesis that reality has an underlying geometry.
d. is consistent with modern views of organic evolution.
e. refers to the hierarchy of living organisms, with man on top and simpler creatures on the bottom.
2. Galapagos finches appear to be a result of
a. convergent evolution operating on a variety of dissimilar founder species to adapt them to similar niches.
b. the effects that population growth and natural selection have on geographically isolated populations.
c. continuous gene flow between the islands and the mainland over many thousands of years.
d. continuous gene flow among the islands (and not the mainland).
e. their shared common ancestry, which resulted in all having similar sized beaks.
3. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
a. Charles Davenport founded the eugenics movement in the
b. Linneaus developed a system for the classification of plants and animals.
c. Mendel’s work with pea plants led to his theory on mode of inheritance.
d. Lamarck originated the idea of uniformitarianism.
e.
4. Symbolism
a. is by definition arbitrary.
b. greatly facilitates cooperation.
c. greatly facilitates competition.
d. allows us to construct categories of “us” and “them.”
e. all of the above
5. Natural selection
a. is the only process that can change gene frequency.
b. is the same as sexual selection.
c. can result in the evolution of new species.
d. was first conceived of by Gregor Mendel.
e. involves adaptation through acquired traits that are heritable.
6. The physical differences among various human groups
a. may be due in part to random processes such as genetic drift.
b. as
c. are purely cultural constructs people have devised for purposes of discrimination.
d. can not be proven to exist.
e. can always be traced to genetic differences.
7. According to the principals of Mendelian inheritance,
a. Lamarck’s theory of evolution is correct.
b. intermediate traits appear due to blending of traits.
c. a pure strain of a trait will produce heterozygotes in the next generation.
d. a limited number of genes control all phenotypes.
e. alleles maintain their identity in succeeding
generations, even if not expressed.
8. Polymorphism refers to __________, while polytypism refers to __________.
a. alleles; chromosomes.
b. balancing selection; stabilizing selection.
c. variation within a group; variation among groups.
d. human variation; average human types.
e. racial diversity; racial similarities.
9. Meiosis
a. can not result in heritable mutations because it occurs in somatic cells.
b. makes possible new genetic combinations through the shuffling of genes during crossing-over.
c. only occurs in the maternal line.
d. results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to parent cells.
e. results in an exact duplication in the number of chromosomes.
10. Sex-linked traits
a. are carried on the autosomal chromosomes.
b. only are carried on the X sex chromosome.
c. are only coded for in mitochondrial DNA.
d. are always deleterious for health.
e. are exhibited phenotypically in males more frequently than in females.
11. Down’s Syndrome (trisomy 21) is a result of the same type of mutation as
a. sickle cell anemia.
b.
c. Kleinfelter’s Sydrome.
d. Huntington’s disease.
e. cystic fibrosis.
12. Though often harmful, genetic mutations are essential because
a. they prevent genetic heterogeneity from increasing in geographically isolated populations.
b. they act directly as the main force behind stabilizing selection.
c. they are responsible for the many cultural differences we see between races.
d. adaptation through natural selection is impossible without them.
e. they markedly increase in frequency when environmental conditions change.
13. Balanced polymorphism
a. may explain the distribution of the sickle cell trait.
b. maintains a dominant trait for generations.
c. explains the high frequency of color blindness among the Dunkers .
d. describes situations in which homozygotes have a selective advantage over heterozygotes.
e. occurs when there is an even number of alleles at a given chromosomal locus.
14. Genetic homogeneity is
a. more likely to be harmful in a stable environment.
b. likely to increase as a result of exogamy.
c. increased by gene flow between populations.
d. decreased by inbreeding.
e. likely to occur in geographically isolated populations.
15. The fitness value of a trait
a. is no longer considered useful since it is not based on the principals of Mendelian genetics.
b. is a constant value that can be derived through integrating the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
c. is an absolute value that is independent of environmental conditions.
d. can vary through time according to environmental conditions.
e. refers to the fact that aggressive animals are always better off.
16-18. Match the following modes of inheritance with an appropriate condition listed in the right column.
16. _c_ Autosomal dominant a. Tay Sachs
17. _a_ Autosomal recessive b. Color blindness
18. _b_ X-linked recessive c. Huntington’s disease
19. Close inbreeding
a. is an example of negative assortative mating.
b. results in increased heterozygosity.
c. is found only in “primitive” societies.
d. is the primary reason why eugenicists wanted to sterilize people.
e. helps elite families to maintain their wealth and political power.
20. Which of the following is typically the WEAKEST force leading to changes in gene frequency within a population?
a. Immigration and emigration.
b. Natural selection.
c. Mutation.
d. Genetic drift.
e. Differences in reproductive success of people with
different genotypes.
21. The large antlers and horns exhibited by male elk and mountain sheep
a. are most likely the result of the founder effect instead of natural selection.
b. may not be favored by natural selection since they lower male reproductive success.
c. provide examples of the profound effect genetic drift can have on island populations.
d. are explained by Allen’s rule.
e. are best explained as products of intrasexual selection.
22. For a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
a. the allele frequencies must become balanced through the process of genetic drift.
b. natural selection can not be operating.
c. mutations must all be recessive so that they do not perturb the observed phenotypes.
d. the population under observation is small.
e. the number of individuals coming into a population equals the number going out.
23-25. Match the following selective forces with the appropriate description (only one each).
23. _c_ Stabilizing Selection a. Favors the heterozygote
24. _d_ Directional Selection b. Increases variability
25. _b_ Diversifying Selection c. Selects out the extremes
d. Shifts the average by favoring one end
26. Positive assortative mating results in increased ________, while
negative assortative mating results in increased ________.
a. polygamy; polyandry
b. equilibrium; instability
c. hybrid vigor; inbreeding depression
d. exogamy; endogamy
e. genetic homogeneity; genetic heterogeneity
27. Genetic drift has the greatest impact on
a. agricultural populations.
b. small populations.
c. large populations.
d. widely distributed populations.
e. modern humans as opposed to earlier hominids.
28. According to Marks, the eugenics movement
a. was at its most popular in the
b. was concerned only with the elimination of life-debilitating diseases.
c. never entered the political arena.
d. was able to eliminate several recessive traits.
e. failed in part because social problems are not caused by genetics.
29. In the Hardy-Weinberg Equation, P2 + 2PQ + Q2 = 1, the 2PQ represents
a. all of the individuals heterozygous for a specific trait in a population.
b. how unrealistic their assumptions are about how selection operates in the real world.
c. the rate at which natural selection is expected to operate on populations in equilibrium.
d. the rate at which gene mutations, both positive and negative, occur in humans.
e. all of the alleles in an individual.
30. Sexual dimorphism
a. is unlikely to have any adaptive significance.
b. can only be produced through sexual selection.
c. may evolve as a result of competition over access to mates.
d. only occurs during times of environmental stress.
e. can only result from environmental factors.
31. According to Marks, adaptation in humans includes four different processes listed below EXCEPT
a. genetic adaptation via natural selection.
b. developmental plasticity.
c. individual behavioral choices.
d. random mate choices.
e. group decisions for the long term collective good.
32. According to the film, Original Sin: Is Criminal
Behavior Genetic?, studies have clearly shown that criminal behavior
a. runs in families.
b. is primarily a result of environmental pollutants.
c. is unlikely among people who exhibit uncontrollable ticks during their childhood.
d. can be predicted based upon an analysis of facial characteristics.
e. is a product of free will.
33. According to the film, Original Sin: Is Criminal
Behavior Genetic?, arguing for someone’s genetic predisposition to criminal
behavior as a defense in court
a. has never been effective in a real criminal case.
b. began with the “Twinkie defense” over 20 years ago.
c. only works in cases in which the defendant is male.
d. has rarely been attempted in modern times because of its negative eugenic implications.
e. can work, but the defendant’s family name may be tarnished in the process.
34. If the eugenics movement had continued, the most likely consequence would have been
a. an increase in birth rates.
b. the elimination of all diseases.
c. a decrease in genetic heterozygosity.
d. an increase in IQ scores.
e. a classless society.
35. According to Marks, why might a biological structure have arisen without a clear adaptive function?
a. This never occurs – all structures serve an adaptive function.
b. There is “correlation of parts,” so that a structure may be associated with another feature that is selected for.
c. Scientists currently lack sufficient data to determine the function.
d. Modern humans, as cultural beings, are no longer subject to adaptive forces.
e. The structure is part of a divine blueprint of an ideal form.
36. Lactase intolerance
a. is a recent genetic mutation in human populations.
b. leads to diabetes and obesity in aboriginal groups.
c. affects adults and children alike.
d. is found mainly in those of European descent.
e. is less common in populations with a history of consuming milk and milk products.
37. When a disease appears to be significantly more prevalent in a certain ethnic group,
a. this is evidence of a divine plan.
b. this may be due to founder effect.
c. that ethnic group with the disease will disappear.
d. heterozygous carriers may have selective advantage.
e. both b and d.
38. The first demographic transition refers to the
a. first documented census figures.
b. case where lower classes out-reproduce the upper class.
c. point in time when female births out-number male births.
d. shift from a stable foraging population to a rapidly expanding agrarian population.
e. decline in fertility that is matched by a decrease in mortality.
39. According to Marks, since shifting to a modern, Euro-American diet over the last century, many Native American groups have developed a high incidence of diabetes because
a. they are lactose intolerant so their bodies cannot handle milk and cheese.
b. their blood type is naturally more susceptible to diabetes.
c. they have a “thrifty genotype” allowing their bodies to more efficiently extract calories from food.
d. they did not have a natural immunity to diabetes and other infectious diseases introduced by Euro-Americans.
e. they practice endogamy, mostly finding mates within the Native American population.
40. The human response to the environment that requires the greatest amount of time to implement is
a. behavioral adaptation.
b. developmental plasticity.
c. genetic adaptation.
d. adaptation through culture and technology.
e. acclimatization.
41. According to Marks, humans are _______ the African apes.
a. less genetically diverse than
b. equally as genetically diverse as
c. more genetically diverse than
d. more prone to mutations than
e. distantly related to
42. The way humans deal with heat stress suggests that we evolved in an environment that
a. was hot, had a high relative humidity, and dense tropical vegetation.
b. was hot, had a low relative humidity, and plentiful water.
c. was hot, had high relative humidity, and low water availability.
d. had mild temperatures, mild humidity, and sea level oxygen concentrations.
e. had freezing night-time temperatures and hot day time temperatures.
43. Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels
a. refers to a narrowing of the blood vessels.
b. occurs as soon as you walk into an extremely hot room.
c. occurs when Australian Aborigines sleep out in the cold.
d. is seen in the hands of Eskimos when they are exposed
to very cold water.
e. all of the above.
44. Hypoxia
a. decreases red blood cell production.
b. is one of the few environmental factors that can not be adapted to through acclimatization.
c. occurs when people ascend to extremely high altitudes.
d. is another name for "barrel chest."
e. occurs when people who lived at high altitude all of
their lives move to sea level.
45. A person’s ability to respond to heat and cold stress depends upon the individual’s
a. age.
b. sex.
c. body size.
d. body proportions.
e. all of the above.
46. Body shape tends to vary with ________, while skin pigmentation tends to vary with ________.
a. heat; light.
b. latitude; longitude.
c. light; altitude.
d. oxygen; nutrition.
e. altitude; oxygen.
47. A desert fox in
a. the laws of genetic drift.
b. Bergmann’s rule.
c. Allen’s rule.
d. the fact that Arctic foxes lack natural enemies.
e. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
48. Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
a. is a way of maintaining the body’s core temperature.
b. is a physiological response that helps Eskimos avoid frostbite.
c. is counteracted when you take a drag on a cigarette.
d. occurs when you walk into an extremely hot room.
e. results in increased sweat production.
49. Eskimos might not be expected to show genetic adaptations to cold because
a. they have not lived in the arctic long enough.
b. their warm parkas provide a cultural buffer to the actual environment.
c. the relevant selective pressures don’t operate until after the end of a person's reproductive life.
d. they suffer regularly from nutritional stress.
e. both a and b.
50. The most flexible and rapidly implemented response to environmental stressors in humans is through
a. genetic changes.
b. proper nutrition.
c. acclimatization.
d. cultural means.
e. developmental plasticity.
51.According to Diamond’s article, critical-period programming in sweat gland function refers to
a. sweating at a specific temperature.
b. maximizing the cooling effects of sweating.
c. exposure to environmental conditions at an early age determining adult sweat gland function.
d. maintenance of core body temperature despite daily temperature fluctuations.
e. acclimatization of adults in hotter conditions.
52. Certain forms of body modification, such as cranial
deformation and foot binding, are examples of which kinds of responses to the
social environment?
a. Genetic.
b. Developmental.
c. Acclimatization.
d. Cultural.
e. Both b and d.
53. Which of the following is an example of a developmental plasticity response to the environment?
a. Tanning in response to sun exposure.
b. Stunted growth in malnourished children.
c. Sweating heavily in humid environments.
d. Body building to increase muscle mass.
e. Natural selection favoring the “thrifty” genotype.
54. According to Jablonski and Chaplin’s article, “Skin Deep,” high concentrations of melanin arose in the skin of people in tropical areas because
a. darker skin evolved early on in the primate order.
b. dark skin protects the body’s folate stores, which are important to reproduction.
c. there is cultural selection that favors individuals with greater melanin concentrations.
d. it has been selected for in the tropics as camouflage from predators.
e. dark skin reflects UV radiation better than skin with less melanin.
55. Genetic adaptations to the environment
a. occur at the population level through natural selection.
b. are most frequent at the level of the individual.
c. include vasodilation in cold environments.
d. occur during mitosis and are thus very difficult to reverse.
e. occur whenever a mutation occurs in our DNA.
56. Njeri’s article, “Colorism,” describes the situation faced by African-Americans whereby
a. darker skinned individuals are preferentially treated by their own community because they appear to be more “black.”
b. all African-Americans are equally discriminated against by American society.
c. given a choice, African-American children prefer “black” dolls to “white” dolls.
d. the social and economic gap between light and dark skinned blacks is as great as the disparity between whites and blacks.
e. affirmative action is a key tool for removing the social barriers resulting from discrimination.
57. In studies of human adaptation to environments with significant cold, heat, and high altitudes, the currently available evidence suggests that
a. humans have not lived long enough in any environment to have evolved genetic adaptations to it.
b. humans rarely rely upon cultural buffers to the environment.
c. adults who are exposed to such extreme environments have no way to cope.
d. acclimatized individuals produce offspring with acquired adaptations to such environments.
e. the existence of genetic adaptations to an environment is not as easy to demonstrate as acclimatization or developmental plasticity responses.
58. While both groups live in cold environments, Eskimos face the danger of ________, while Australian Aborigines face the danger of ________.
a. hypoxia; hypothermia.
b. hypothermia; hypoxia.
c. frostbite; low food availability.
d. heart attacks; frostbite.
e. hypoxia; rickets.
59. When a person wears a parka on a cold day, the climate inside the parka is an example of
a. vasoconstriction.
b. the total environment.
c. acclimatization.
d. the effective environment.
e. the actual environment.
60. Why are humans unusual organisms in the way we have adapted to heat stress?
a. Humans radiate heat from their bodies through their heads.
b. Humans are sweaty and relatively hairless.
c. Humans have melanin to dissipate heat.
d. Humans do not require as much water as other mammals.
e. Humans are the only species that strictly follows Allen’s Rule.
61. Allen's Rule states that
a. members of a species found in colder areas tend to have smaller body size.
b. there is natural selection for darker skin in organisms that live in hot climates.
c. organisms living in high altitudes tend to have “barrel shaped” chests.
d. to reduce heat loss, there must be an increase of the amount of surface area to volume.
e. shorter appendages tend to be found in the members of a dispersed species that live in cool areas.
62. Which of the following is NOT an example of acclimatization response to high altitudes?
a. Increase in the proportion of the population with “barrel chests.”
b. Increase in red cell mass.
c. Increase in right ventricle size.
d. Increase in capillarization of lungs.
e. Increase in hemoglobin content in blood.
63. The catch-up growth seen in slave children who experienced better nutrition is an example of
a. acclimatization.
b. stabilizing selection.
c. actual environment.
d. developmental plasticity.
e. both b and d.
64. The theory that, in general, you would be more likely to find
people in the
a. Allen’s Rule.
b. the idea that there is less exposure to ultraviolet
radiation in the
c. Bergmann’s Rule.
d. the large genetic differences between these two areas.
e. the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation.
65. In their adaptations to high altitude, ________ maintain higher rates of respiration, while ________ have a higher concentration of hemoglobin in their lungs.
a. Australian Aborigines; Eskimos.
b. Tibetans; Andeans.
c. Tibetans; Swiss.
d. Andeans; Eskimos.
e. Ethiopians; Tibetans.
66. Tattooing, scarification, lip stretching, and plastic
surgery are all
a. means of covering up genetic defect.
b. generally considered to be attempts by members of the lower class to acquire more mates.
c. the result of pressure from corporate marketing of piercing salons that profit from body modification.
d. a result of selective pressures for developmental plasticity.
e. often ways of signaling your association with a
particular social group.
67. Studies show that skin color is controlled
a. by a single gene.
b. exclusively by exposure to sunlight during the adolescent period.
c. by diet and altitude.
d. by a small number of genes.
e. by a very large number of genes.
68. According to lecture, which of the theories proposed to
explain the distribution of human skin color worldwide has the strongest
evidence of selective pressure because of obstetrical issues?
a. Frostbite susceptibility.
b. Sexual selection.
c. Vitamin D/folic acid regulation.
d. Radiation protection.
e. Heat exchange.
69. Highly pigmented skin is
a. the main cause of rickets in tropical regions.
b. only an advantage in cold regions.
c. an advantage in the desert after cool night time temperatures.
d. advantageous because of its effect of decreasing heat load.
e. has been shown to have no adaptive significance.
70. The distribution of human body hair
a. is associated with the presence of apocrine sweat glands.
b. was selected for in our ancestral humid, tropical environment because of the “wicking effect” of pubic and axillary hair.
c. shows no population or sex differences.
d. is probably an adaptation for protection against cold stress.
e. appears to have no function.
71. Marks views the “rape-as-reproduction” hypothesis as invalid because
a. rape is often associated with power.
b. rape is not a human universal.
c. it assumes that all human sex is for reproduction.
d. a significant proportion of rapes involves men raping men or men raping children.
e. all of the above
72. Which of the following is NOT one of the proposed functions of our ability to sweat?
a. Production of a scent to warn predators of our
presence.
b. Improvement of our grip and sense of touch.
c. To send sexual signals.
d. To keep us cool.
e. Both a and c.
73. According to Marks, which of the following is the defining habitus of the human species?
a. Opposable thumbs.
b. Culture.
c. Smiling.
d. Shivering.
e. Hairlessness.
74. According to Marks, the large number of successful black athletes
a. is a result of innate superior ability.
b. shows that other “races” do not have the potential to do as well.
c. may be explained in part by the
potential for upward mobility that sports provides.
d. is the result of past eugenics movements promoting the creation of good athletes in the African American population
e. both c and d.
75. Xenophobia is
a. a fear of being genetically inferior due to corporate marketing.
b. found only in “primitive” societies with limited contact to modern media.
c. human nature and therefore a biological justification for genocide.
d. a sensible response to biological differences between groups.
e. a result of culturally constructed differences between human groups.
76. The distribution of hair among humans in the axillary and pubic regions is explained by the
a. body odor and its social signal function.
b. protection of sensitive areas from UV radiation.
c. melanin production.
d. distance from the equator.
e. all of the above.
77. Heat acclimatization refers to
a. the activation of more sweat glands in babies born in hotter regions.
b. the human ability to adjust over a period of weeks to heat exposure by sweating more efficiently.
c. putting on a jacket when it is cold.
d. our evolutionary adjustment to living in the hotter regions of the earth.
e. the production of higher concentrations of salt in sweat.
78. What is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
a. There is relatively little energy expended during sexual reproduction.
b. Sexual reproduction allows for increased genetic variability through crossing-over.
c. Offspring receive all genetic material from a parent in sexual reproduction.
d. Asexual reproduction is non-viable because it is similar to artificial selection.
e. More offspring are produced as a result of sexual reproduction.
79. Androgen hormone secretions are responsible for
a. suppressing of hair growth in the pubic and axillary regions.
b. the development of female sex organs in a fetus.
c. determining a range of developmental plasticity in your height.
d. the development of male sex organs in a fetus.
e. both b and c.
80. Females fare better than males during times of environmental stress because
a. females have better cognitive abilities, including intuition.
b. females will cooperate, while males will compete, thus draining their energy.
c. children will tend to help the parent who raised them (usually the female).
d. males lack the extra X chromosome, making them more susceptible to environmental stress.
e. males have a have a higher metabolic rate than females
and often also lower fat reserves.
81. There is a sex difference in height between males and females primarily because
a. males have a higher concentration of hemoglobin.
b. females have to expend more energy in childbirth and thus do not have a chance to grow.
c. males have a few extra years of growth during puberty compared to females.
d. humans primarily practice monogamous mating.
e. males have narrower hips.
82. It has been proposed that the development of bipedalism in humans resulted in a selective advantage for
a. hair on the top of the head.
b. short stature in women.
c. pubic hair.
d. narrow hips.
e. both a and d.
83. The statistical measure of the contribution of genes to the total variation seen among individuals in a trait is
a. heritability.
b. the intelligence quotient.
c. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
d. fitness value.
e. the cephalic index.
84. Whether an individual develops phenotypically as a male or female depends on
a. sex hormones.
b. sex chromosomes.
c. body’s ability to respond to sex hormones.
d. the 5AR (5 alpha-reductase) gene.
e. all of the above.
85. According to LeVay and Hamer’s article, “Evidence for a biological influence in male homosexuality,” genetic linkage analysis has
a. shown that there are structural differences in male and female brains.
b. been done to determine if relatives who share the
trait of homosexuality also share the same X-linked gene.
c. explored the effects of genetic polymorphism on phenotypic plasticity.
d. statistically proven that pre-natal environment is more influential than post-natal environment.
e. both b and c.
86. The marketing of body images through advertising
a. provides an undistorted view of normal human variation.
b. provides us with a healthy image of an ideal body.
c. stimulates feelings of inferiority.
d. stimulates mass consumption.
e. both c and d.
87. According to reviews, Herrnstein and
a. proves that cognitive abilities are learned.
b. ignores important environmental factors that influence IQ scores.
c. proves that brain size is proportional to intelligence.
d. reveals sex differences in spatial and verbal ability.
e. is an excellent review of the forces responsible for stabilizing selection in humans.
88. Regarding the “nature vs. nurture” debate as it applies to
human sexual dimorphism, extreme social constructionists argue that
a. all behavioral and some physical differences between men and women are the result of culture and are reinforced by society to maintain the dominance of men.
b. behavioral differences between men and women are entirely the result of genetic differences that have evolved as a result of natural selection.
c. all behavior, including the sexual division of labor, is preprogrammed in human brains based on our ancestral adaptations.
d. since women have two X chromosomes, and thus more genetic material than men, they should have more say in the construction of social norms.
e. prehistorically women were the dominant members of society, since they were responsible for socializing the children.
89. In “Science and Jewish Immigration,” Gould describes how the early 20th century researchers, Goddard and Pearson,
a. measured cranial capacity to determine intelligence.
b. fought over the brain size of Georges Cuvier.
c. founded the eugenics movement in
d. developed the test to measure intelligence quotient.
e. tried to show innate dullness of certain groups to limit their immigration.
90. The study of biological differences among human groups is difficult because
a. the differences are very minor and of no functional significance.
b. the genes that make people different have not yet been identified.
c. both culture and biology affect the expression of
traits.
d. the human phenotype varies independently of the human genotype.
e. both c and d.
91. According to lecture, sex differences in cognitive abilities (spatial and verbal) may be the result of
a. the higher prevalence of cheating by males.
b. the fact that females generally treat tests more seriously than males.
c. the fact that females feel they must play “dumb” to maintain their femininity.
d. the fact that males are better adapted for dealing with stressful conditions.
e. selective pressures related to sex differences in reproductive costs that favor a “gestalt” worldview among females and a linear one among males.
92. _______ is a person’s biological identity, while _______ is a person’s social identity.
a. Gender; sex.
b. Sex; ego.
c. Gender; social status.
d. Sex; gender.
e. Genotype; phenotype.
93. Your phenotype
a. reflects the environment's influence on your genotype
b. changes during your life
c. is influenced by cultural factors
d. all of the above.
e. none of the above.
94. Intelligence cannot be measured by a universal method or standard because
a. not all people speak the same language.
b. some animals might actually be more intelligent than humans.
c. intelligence does not really exist.
d. every individual has the same amount of intelligence.
e. intelligence is best conceived of as an adaptive response to survival in a particular environment.
95. The difference in energetic costs associated with human male and female reproductive physiology is a result of the fact that
a. females are more “sensitive” than males.
b. asexual reproduction is more costly than sexual reproduction.
c. females expend more energy in the reproductive process than do males.
d. females have a higher basal metabolic rate than males.
e. males are forced to expend more energy in the hunting process than females do in gathering.
96. During unfavorable environmental conditions, sex differences result in
a. males abandoning females.
b. stunting of males.
c. females no longer ovulating.
d. all of the above.
e. both b and c.
97. Males may have larger jaws than females and facial hair (beards) because
a. both features may be advantageous in fighting situations.
b. males produce androgens, a hormone not present in females.
c. historically females have been less exposed to the elements, and so do not need facial hair.
d. these features aid in producing the resonate, deep-pitched male voice.
e. females have a longer period of growth during puberty compared to males.
98. Human female breast development may be linked to
a. better lactation.
b. the shift in locomotion from quadrupedalism to bipedalism.
c. the secretion of the relaxin hormone.
d. serving as the main fat reserve in times of starvation.
e. vitamin D synthesis and folate metabolism.
99. Women use make-up and other methods to look more neotenous because
a. it makes them look more grown up and mature.
b. humans have an innate positive response to infantile features.
c. men are naturally drawn to women who have the time and money for a high maintenance look.
d. Westerners think the “cute-complex” of traits is unattractive in adults.
e. they want to be treated equal to men in the workplace.
100. Studies of identical twins who were raised apart to understand the heredity of intelligence
a. have shown that intelligence is not hereditary.
b. are problematic because twins might conceivably use telepathy to share answers on IQ tests.
c. suggest that adoptive parents often neglect the educational needs of adopted children.
d. prove that there is a direct link between intelligence and academic
success.
e. often ignore the effect of the pre-natal environment on development.